The originator of experimental transplantation of vital organs, particularly the heart, is Alexis Carrel, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1912 for this initiation. He conducted research on organ transplantation in experiment, organ preservation and the overlay technique of vascular anastomosis. He developed the basic principles of preservation of a donor organ and its perfusion.
The first organ transplantation from human to human was performed in 1933 in Kherson by Y. Voronoy. One of the originators of the transplantation in Russia is a Russian scientist – V.P. Demihov, who in 1951 elaborated on the transplantation of a donor heart on a dog.
On December 3, 1967 a South African surgeon – Christian Barnard, having been previously trained by V.P. Demikhov, as well as in a number of the world's surgical clinics, for the first time in the world success fully performed a human heart transplant in Cape Town.
The first successful kidney transplant was performed in December 1954 between two identical twin brothers by a team of doctors led by Joseph Murray (Murrey). Joseph Murray continued his research handmade kidney transplant from an unrelated donor possible, he also investigated the properties of immune suppressive drugs and the mechanisms of rejection.
The first liver transplant was performed in 1956 by Thomas Starzl.
Lung transplantation was first performed in 1963 by Dr. James Hardy in the Clinic of the University of Mississippi, but the patient died a few days after the surgery. A successful transplantation of one lung was performed by Joel Cooper in 1983, he also carried out a successful transplant of two lungs in 1986.
In June 2008, the first human organ transplant grown from stem cells was performed by Professor Paolo Macchiarini in the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona. The patient was an adult woman whose trachea (windpipe) suffered from tuberculosis. The trachea was created by a sophisticated technology: physicians used the trachea of a recently deceased person, and by neutralizing its living cells with chemicals, they injected stem cells taken from the bone marrow of the patient into a fibrous protein tissue. These cells had developed for four days in a special bioreactor, and then the trachea was ready for transplantation. A month later, the blood supply to the transplanted organ was completely restored.
The record for longevity with a donor organ (heart) belongs to an American – Tony Huisman, who had lived for 30 years after the transplant, and died of cancer.

The history of transplantation in Kazakhstan